Amerikan. Politikwissenschaftler, PhD in Political Science, City University of New York; 1966-1968: The City University of New York; 1968: Professor of International Political Theory, Department of War Studies, King's College London and James O. Freedman Presidential Professor Emeritus, Dartmouth College; 1968-1978: Instructor, Brooklyn College; 1978-1980: Assistant and Associate Professor of Political Science, The City College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York; 1980-1981: Professor of Strategy; 1981-1983: Scholar-in-Residence, Central Intelligence Agency; 1982-1993: Professor of Political Science, The Bologna Center, Johns Hopkins University; 1992-1996: Professor of Political Science and Director of the Peace Studies Program, Cornell University; 1996-2002: Professor of Public Affairs and Political Science, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs and Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh