PhD in political science, University of Chicago, 1967. Henry Lee Shattuck Professor of Government, 1989-; Directs the Harvard Program on Education Policy and Governance, 1995-, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Senior Fellow, 2000-, Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Senior Editor of Education Next, a journal of opinion and research, 2001-. Director, Governmental Studies, The Brookings Institution, 1983-1987. Assistant Professor, Associate Professor and Professor, Departments of Political Science and Education and the College, University of Chicago, 1967-1983