Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Schwartz, Gregory William,

Titel

Retinal computation

Ort / Verlag

London, England : Academic Press,

Erscheinungsjahr

[2021]

Link zum Volltext

• Elsevier Books AutoHoldings

Verknüpfte Titel

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Intro -- Retinal Computation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Purpose and scope -- For graduate courses -- Model species -- Guided by the scientific community that welcomed me -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 1: Luminance -- Chapter 1: Photon detection -- How many photons does it take to create a percept? -- Increment threshold and dark light -- Signal and noise for sparse photon detection through the retina -- Amplification in rod phototransduction -- Continuous versus discrete noise in rods -- Reproducibility of the single-photon response -- Retinal mechanisms for noise reduction in sparse photon detection -- Noise reduction at the rod output synapse -- An additional threshold in the inner retina -- The next steps in linking retinal physiology to behavior -- References -- Chapter 2: Luminance adaptation -- Rod vision: A gain control mechanism for each convergence point of two photons -- Cone vision: Separate mechanisms in the circuitry and in the cone -- Adaptation on longer timescales -- Neuromodulators -- Feedback from the brain -- Pigment regeneration -- Receptor composition in RGCs -- Subcellular localization of transducin and arrestin -- Other circuit reconfigurations -- References -- Chapter 3: Absolute luminance detection -- IpRGC types -- Behavioral roles for absolute luminance detection -- Mechanisms for absolute luminance detection in the retina -- M1 ipRGCs -- Spatial integration -- Temporal integration -- Distributed coding -- M4 ipRGCs -- Additional ``non-visual´´ opsins -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Part 2: Contrast -- Chapter 4: Contrast sensitivity -- The OFF delta (OFF sustained alpha) RGC -- A cell that sits at the inflection point of its tuning curve -- A conserved microcircuit -- Push-pull mechanism to maximize SNR -- A distributed code for contrast.
• Contrast sensitivity distributed among RGCs -- Contrast sensitivity distributed among bipolar cells -- Open questions -- References -- Chapter 5: Contrast adaptation and sensitization -- Contrast has a large dynamic range in natural scenes -- Mechanisms of contrast adaptation in the retina -- Photoreceptor to bipolar cell synapses -- Synaptic depression in bipolar cells -- Intrinsic mechanism in RGC spike generation -- Spatial and temporal scales of contrast adaptation -- Contrast sensitization -- Mechanism and spatial properties of contrast sensitization -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Chapter 6: Contrast suppression -- Discovery of SbC RGCs in different species -- ``Uniformity detector´´ RGC (rabbit) -- Functional and morphological characteristics -- Mechanism of contrast suppression -- Transient SbC/ON delayed RGC (mouse) -- Functional and morphological characteristics -- Mechanism of contrast suppression -- Sustained SbC RGC (mouse) -- Functional and morphological characteristics -- Mechanism of contrast suppression -- Bursty suppressed-by-contrast (bSbC) RGC (mouse) -- Functional and morphological characteristics -- Mechanism of contrast suppression -- Evidence for SbC RGC projections in the brain -- Speculation about the role of SbC RGCs in behavior -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Part 3: Spatial features -- Chapter 7: Texture sensitivity -- Nonlinear spatial integration -- Receptive field subunits and their functional consequences -- Defocus detection -- Is texture sensitivity important for natural scenes? -- The biological substrate of receptive field subunits -- Spatially nonlinear RF models -- Which RGCs are X and Y cells? -- References -- Chapter 8: Surround suppression -- Outer retinal mechanisms: Horizontal cells -- Inner retinal mechanisms -- Inhibition onto bipolar cells and other ACs.
• Inhibition onto ganglion cells -- Nonlinear surround suppression -- Surround influences beyond suppression -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Chapter 9: Object localization -- Spatial acuity and hyperacuity -- Object localization outside the fovea -- ``Spot-detector´´ RGCs -- Spatial information in RGCs at smaller scales than the linear RF center -- Spatial information in RGC populations -- Homogeneous populations -- Heterogeneous populations -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Chapter 10: Orientation selectivity -- OS retinal ganglion cells -- Mechanisms for OS in the retina -- OS amacrine cells -- OS in bipolar cell outputs -- How is retinal OS used in the brain? -- References -- Part 4: Motion -- Chapter 11: Direction selectivity -- A history of direction selectivity in the vertebrate retina -- Multiple types of DSGCs in the retina -- Mechanisms of DS in the starburst amacrine cell -- Selective anatomical connectivity between SACs and DSGCs -- Mechanisms of direction selectivity in ganglion cells -- Dendritic integration of excitation and inhibition -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Chapter 12: Object motion sensitivity -- Discovery of object motion sensitivity in the retina -- Circuit mechanism -- Identifying specific components of OMS circuits in mouse retina -- The W3 mouse line labels an OMS retinal ganglion cell -- TH-2 ACs provide inhibition to some OMS RGCs -- Delayed and OMS excitation from a glutamatergic AC -- How many RGC types are OMS? -- Is direction selectivity related to OMS? -- Why have multiple RGC types that are OMS? -- References -- Chapter 13: Motion anticipation -- Lag normalization -- Beyond smooth motion -- The next challenge: Causal links to behavior -- References -- Chapter 14: Threat detection -- What visual features specify a threat? -- Looming stimuli.
• Retinal circuits for looming detection -- ``Approach-sensitive´´ RGCs -- Synchronous oscillations among ``dimming detectors´´ -- Retinal input to brain circuits for threat detection -- Future directions -- References -- Part 5: Other computations -- Chapter 15: Periodic sequence entrainment -- Retinal responses to ``omitted´´ stimuli -- Circuit location and mechanism -- Future directions -- References -- Chapter 16: Color processing -- Photoreceptors form the foundation for color vision -- Theories of efficient and behaviorally relevant color processing -- Chromatic circuits in the outer retina -- Horizontal cells -- Bipolar cells -- Cone to BC connectivity is complex in fish -- Mammals have a conserved S-ON CBC but may differ in additional chromatic BCs -- Chromatic circuits in the inner retina -- Amacrine cells invert S-ON signals into S-OFF -- Color-opponent RGCs in mammals -- Color opponency without selective wiring: The red-green system in Old World primates -- Color circuits with rods -- Regional specialization -- Summary -- References -- Index.
• "Retinal Computation summarizes current progress in defining the computations performed by the retina, also including the synaptic and circuit mechanisms by which they are implemented. Each chapter focuses on a single retinal computation that includes the definition of the computation and its neuroethological purpose, along with the available information on its known and unknown neuronal mechanisms. All chapters contain end-of-chapter questions associated with a landmark paper, as well as programming exercises. This book is written for advanced graduate students, researchers and ophthalmologists interested in vision science or computational neuroscience of sensory systems. While the typical textbook's description of the retina is akin to a biological video camera, the real retina is actually the world's most complex image processing machine. As part of the central nervous system, the retina converts patterns of light at the input into a rich palette of representations at the output. The parallel streams of information in the optic nerve encode features like color, contrast, orientation of edges, and direction of motion. Image processing in the retina is undeniably complex, but as one of the most accessible parts of the central nervous system, the tools to study retinal circuits with unprecedented precision are up to the task. This book provides a practical guide and resource about the current state of the field of retinal computation."--
• Description based on print version record.